1. Suppose that X is a Banach space, K is a bounded linear operator on X , g ∈ X, and that yN ∈ X is defined, for each N ∈ N, by
yN = g + Kg + ... + KNg.
Show that
g + KyN = yN+1 , for N ∈ N.
Hence show that if the sequence yN is convergent to some limit z, in symbols yN → z, then
z = g + Kz.
(This is the last step of the proof on page 147 of the notes. Hint: use the fact that every bounded operator is continuous – see page 141 of the notes.)
2. If A and B are two bounded linear operators on a Banach space X, the product op- erator AB is defined by (AB)? := A(B?), for ? ∈ X, i.e. AB is the composition of the mappings A and B .
(a) Show that AB is linear.
(b) Show that AB is bounded with
||AB|| ≤ ||A|| ||B||.
(The definition of a linear operator/mapping is on p. 69 of the slides, the definition of a bounded linear operator and its norm on p. 83.)
(c) Suppose that A, B, and C are bounded linear operators on X . Show that (AB)C = A(BC),
i.e. that operator products obey the associative law. (Hint: use that if A : X → X and B : X → X then saying that A = B means that A? = B? for all ? ∈ X.)
(d) Where the bounded linear operator An is defined for n ∈ N as in the lectures (or see PS2 Q4), show that, for m,n ∈ N, it holds that
AnAm = An+m ,
i.e. that the product of the operators An and Am is An+m. (Hint: fix m ∈ N and then prove that the above formula holds for all n ∈ N by induction (on n), using the result from (c).)
3. Define K : C[?1, 1] → C[?1, 1] by
where k > 0 is some positive constant, so that K is the integral operator on C[?1, 1] with kernel k(x,t) = eikxt.
(a) Show that (hint: reverse the order of integration at an appropriate point, which is justified as the integrand is continuous)