(a) Give an example of a non-commutative ring without an identity.
(b) id(D)e(o)n(e)ti(s)t(t)y(h)? Expla(e equati)in(on) (1 + a)(1 ? a) = 1 ? a2 hold for any element a of a ring with
(c) Give an example of a subring of Z/14Z having 4 elements, or explain why it does not exist.
(d) Prove, using the axioms of a ring or the basic properties proved in the lectures, that any two elements a,b of a ring satisfy the equation (?a)b = ? (ab).
(e) Give an example of a commutative ring without identity having a subring with identity, or explain why such an example cannot exist.
(f) Explain what is wrong in the following “proof” that every finite commutative ring with identity is a field.
“Proof”: Suppose R is a finite commutative ring with identity. Let a be a
non-zero element of R. We want to show that there exists an inverse of a in R, that is, an element b such that ab = ba = 1. Consider the set S = {a,a2 , a3 , . . . }.
Since R is finite, this set S must be finite. This means that there exist positive
integers m > n such that am = an. We then have am ?n = 1, which means that the element am ?n ? 1 is a multiplicative inverse of a. Thus every non-zero element of R has an inverse, and therefore R is a field.